〜で (de) - by means of, by, at a place
--- Examples ---
車で来ました。
(I) came by car.
ひとりで行きますか。
Are you going by youself?
ペンで書く。
I write with a pen.
町角で
At the corner of the street
食料品店でそれを買いました。
I bought it at the grocer's shop.
彼女はその市で働いている。
She works in that city.
海で泳ぐのが好きです。
I like swimming in the sea.
通りで遊ぶ。
Play in/on the street.
この店は八時で閉店です。
This store closes at eight o'clock.
私は三回目で試験に合格しました。
I passed the test on on the 3rd time.
彼は八十歳で亡くなりました。
He passed away at the age of 88.
二、三日で帰るつもりです。
I plan to return home in two or three days.
ナイフで肉を切るのは本当に難しい。
Cutting meat with a knife is really difficult.
みずほでお勤めですか。
Do you work at at Mizuho?
--- Comments ---
As with である, I do not see why this has it's own page. で is the
'て-form' of だ and as such operates largely the same way any て-form
would. For example: そのペンを使って書いた。- 'I wrote it
using that pen'. The fragment 'using that pen' is equivalent to the
fragment 'by car' in the example given by the author. This simply means
that when だ's て-form is used (で) with a noun, we add 'by', whereas in
the case of a different verb's て-form, that verb + ing suffices in
expressing the means by which something is done. When critically analyzing
the fundamental grammatical structure of this Japanese without applying our
English-based perceptions to it, で should not be distinguished from だ
on a separate page. It's colloquial interpretations according to
English-based perceptions might just be sidenotes on that page.
(contributor: Eeker)
Eeker, why don't you make a new entry? (contributor: anon)
I think that convoluted explanation proves why 'de' needs its own separate
page. While the explanation may be correct, it's too labyrinthine to be
usefully instructive when 'de' pops up in Japanese study (quite early).
'De' functions as a particle, regardless of its roots, and it's too comon a
term to be stuck as a footnote to 'da'. It deserves its own page.
(contributor: Synonymous)
I find it most helpful to have the convoluted explanation and the
technically redundant but simpler entry in the same place. Thanks Amatuka
and Eeker. (contributor: denzil)
This might be a result of applying the English-based (or foreign-based in
general) perceptions, but most of the people reading this are actually
English speakers trying to learn Japanese and articles like this one make
the learning easier, especially in the early stage, when you don't
necesarily know about て-forms. (contributor: balrog-kun)
Eeker, thanks for the explanation. Suddenly です as 「-で
あります」starts to make much more sense. (contributor: 9000)
Sometimes a で is just a で.........
if you bring up that first explanation to an average japanese person,
they`d probably look at you like you were nuts!!!! (contributor: gren)
I agree with dezil and 9000--lights and bells went off after I read Eeker's
entry. That said, I'm rarely a purist, and I think a separate entry is
merited for the JLPT 2/3 levels (including at least a pointer to Eeker's
entry). Thanks everyone for your contributions.
(contributor: jameserb)
I put many usages of the word de up on my site where I teach Japanese
www.freewebs.com/kanjiwebs/ as this is not near enough of examples for
people to know what de is. At least 1 example for each usage and that is
not near as what is shown here. (contributor: IMABI)
--- View this entry online ---
http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=de
文法: Grammar a Day - Level 4 [ 〜に (ni-2) ]
〜に (ni-2) - to, from (indirect object marker)
--- Examples ---
これは母に貰いました。
I got this from my mother.
そこに着いたら私に教えてください。
Please let me know when you we get there.
私はともだちに電話をします。
I will call a friend.
私はあなたにりんごをあげる。
I will give an apple to you.
彼は先生にしかられた。
He got scolded by the teacher.
--- Comments ---
Remind me to check up on 貰う etc. with all that in-group / out-group etc
stuff. (contributor: Amatuka)
に marks the indirect object of the verb
receiver of the action
(contributor: Miki)
Some E translations don't have right words just for に and I put verb
instead. Please change English if you have better translation.
(contributor: Miki)
there is a mistake in the grammar in #4899
should be something like 'please let me know when you get there.'
(contributor: ck1984)
'に marks the indirect object of the verb
receiver of the action'
this causes some confusion with ex #4902 since 'he' is the one receiving
the scolding? (contributor: skysongz)
I was a bit confused about this as well, though thinking of it as marking
an indirect object helps so much-- all of the books and things have
explained it in a way that connects it to its first meaning...
(contributor: Saralynne)
--- View this entry online ---
http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=ni-2
--- Examples ---
これは母に貰いました。
I got this from my mother.
そこに着いたら私に教えてください。
Please let me know when you we get there.
私はともだちに電話をします。
I will call a friend.
私はあなたにりんごをあげる。
I will give an apple to you.
彼は先生にしかられた。
He got scolded by the teacher.
--- Comments ---
Remind me to check up on 貰う etc. with all that in-group / out-group etc
stuff. (contributor: Amatuka)
に marks the indirect object of the verb
receiver of the action
(contributor: Miki)
Some E translations don't have right words just for に and I put verb
instead. Please change English if you have better translation.
(contributor: Miki)
there is a mistake in the grammar in #4899
should be something like 'please let me know when you get there.'
(contributor: ck1984)
'に marks the indirect object of the verb
receiver of the action'
this causes some confusion with ex #4902 since 'he' is the one receiving
the scolding? (contributor: skysongz)
I was a bit confused about this as well, though thinking of it as marking
an indirect object helps so much-- all of the books and things have
explained it in a way that connects it to its first meaning...
(contributor: Saralynne)
--- View this entry online ---
http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=ni-2
文法: Grammar a Day - Level 4 [ 〜に (ni) ]
〜に (ni) - (location marker, time marker, direction marker)
--- Examples ---
その車に犬 が います 。
There is a dog in that car.
１０時に約束があります。
I have an appointment at ten.
きっかり９時に来なさい。
Come at nine o'clock sharp.
１０人の学生が同時に立ち上がった。
Ten students stood up all at once.
２時に空港に見送りに行きます。
I'm going to see her off at the airport at 2:00.
彼は休暇でコロラドにいる。
He is on vacation in Colorado.
だれか玄関にいる。
Someone is at the door.
その町はロンドンのすぐ北にある。
The town lies just above London.
その店は通りの左側にある。
The shop is on the left side of the street.
アルプス山脈はヨーロッパの中央にある。
The Alps are in the centre of Europe.
サンフランシスコはアメリカの西海岸にある。
San Francisco is on the West Coast of the U.S.
テレビのリモコンがソファーの下にある。
A TV remote control is under the couch.
バス停は学校の近くにある。
The bus stop is near our school.
ローマはイタリアにある。
Rome is in Italy.
空は私たちの頭上にある。
The sky is over at heads.
--- Comments ---
There are a few places where に can't be used.
×友だちにのプレゼント BAD
○友だちへのプレゼント GOOD
And some where only に can be used
事務所にパソコンがある (contributor: Amatuka)
--- View this entry online ---
http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=ni
--- Examples ---
その車に犬 が います 。
There is a dog in that car.
１０時に約束があります。
I have an appointment at ten.
きっかり９時に来なさい。
Come at nine o'clock sharp.
１０人の学生が同時に立ち上がった。
Ten students stood up all at once.
２時に空港に見送りに行きます。
I'm going to see her off at the airport at 2:00.
彼は休暇でコロラドにいる。
He is on vacation in Colorado.
だれか玄関にいる。
Someone is at the door.
その町はロンドンのすぐ北にある。
The town lies just above London.
その店は通りの左側にある。
The shop is on the left side of the street.
アルプス山脈はヨーロッパの中央にある。
The Alps are in the centre of Europe.
サンフランシスコはアメリカの西海岸にある。
San Francisco is on the West Coast of the U.S.
テレビのリモコンがソファーの下にある。
A TV remote control is under the couch.
バス停は学校の近くにある。
The bus stop is near our school.
ローマはイタリアにある。
Rome is in Italy.
空は私たちの頭上にある。
The sky is over at heads.
--- Comments ---
There are a few places where に can't be used.
×友だちにのプレゼント BAD
○友だちへのプレゼント GOOD
And some where only に can be used
事務所にパソコンがある (contributor: Amatuka)
--- View this entry online ---
http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=ni
文法: Grammar a Day - Level 4 [ 〜ね (ne) ]
〜ね (ne) - isn't it?
--- Notes ---
”ね”(ne) goes at the END of a sentence and nowhere else.
--- Examples ---
これはいいですね。
Isn't this nice !
ええと、映画館は駅の近くにありますね。[eeto, eigakan ha
eki no chikaku ni arimasune.]
Er, the cinema is near the station, right?
突然寒くなったね。
It has suddenly got cold, hasn't it?
「彼女は音楽が好きだね。」「そうだね。」
'She likes music, doesn't she?' 'So she does.'
９時でよろしいですね。
Would 9 o'clock be all right?
あなたのお母さんは、とても若いですね。
Your mother is very young, isn't she?
あなたは一度も沖縄に行ったことがありませんね。
You have never been to Okinawa, have you?
あなたはおもしろい場所をたくさん知っていますね。
You know many interesting places, don't you?
あなたはその計画に賛成ですね。
You are in favour of the plan, aren't you?
あなたはタバコを吸わないんですね。
You don't smoke, do you?
あなたは泳げますね。
You can swim, can't you?
あなたは昨日家にいましたね。
You were at home yesterday, weren't you?
「一杯飲もうよ、ね。」「うん、そうしよう。」
'Let's have a drink, shall we?' 'Yes, let's.'
--- Comments ---
Sentence ending particle.
Used either for seeking agreement, or when sharing one's impression with
someone else. (contributor: Amatuka)
Contrary to what big fat header in notes says, there does exist a usage of
ね not at the end of sentence. This is similar to English meaningless
'like', as in:
それで、彼はね、全部納豆がきらいんだよったね。
So, he was all like, 'I hate nattou', right.
Here the first ね serves only the purpose of engaging the listener more,
and just like in English, it can be overused easily. (contributor:
mathrick)
ね is often used with statements about things that are fairly obvious (the
'classic' example is いい天気ですね。 - 'Nice weather, isn't it.').
It can (but doesn't always) have a similar effect on a sentence as 'I see
that...' in English (example from Chrono Trigger, slightly modified to not
be feminine):
やっと起きたんだね。 (yatto okita nda ne.)
I see you're finally up.
And mathrick is absolutely right, though that's arguably a different ね. I
think of it as being something like interrupting yourself to make sure the
other person's paying attention, sort of like interjecting 'okay?' or
'listening?' into the sentence. Maybe it's just me, but overusing this
seems to make you sound girlish. Take this line, for instance (from the
song Dreamer -a innocent magical girl-):
街に出かけたら今日も 声かけられた (machi ni dekaketara
kyou mo koe kakerareta)
でもね実はね私 興味ない (demo ne jitsu wa ne watashi kyoumi
nai.)
I was called out to [probably closer to 'hit on' given the context] again
today when I went out into the city
But, okay?, the truth is, you listening?, I'm not interested.
And just to confuse things more (not really), there's yet another ね.
Stick it at the beginning of a sentence (or even as its own sentence) as
sort of a demand for attention (another example from Chrono Trigger):
ね、いいでしょクロノ？ (ne, ii desho kurono?)
Hey, you don't mind, right, Crono? (contributor: KWhazit)
--- View this entry online ---
http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=ne
--- Notes ---
”ね”(ne) goes at the END of a sentence and nowhere else.
--- Examples ---
これはいいですね。
Isn't this nice !
ええと、映画館は駅の近くにありますね。[eeto, eigakan ha
eki no chikaku ni arimasune.]
Er, the cinema is near the station, right?
突然寒くなったね。
It has suddenly got cold, hasn't it?
「彼女は音楽が好きだね。」「そうだね。」
'She likes music, doesn't she?' 'So she does.'
９時でよろしいですね。
Would 9 o'clock be all right?
あなたのお母さんは、とても若いですね。
Your mother is very young, isn't she?
あなたは一度も沖縄に行ったことがありませんね。
You have never been to Okinawa, have you?
あなたはおもしろい場所をたくさん知っていますね。
You know many interesting places, don't you?
あなたはその計画に賛成ですね。
You are in favour of the plan, aren't you?
あなたはタバコを吸わないんですね。
You don't smoke, do you?
あなたは泳げますね。
You can swim, can't you?
あなたは昨日家にいましたね。
You were at home yesterday, weren't you?
「一杯飲もうよ、ね。」「うん、そうしよう。」
'Let's have a drink, shall we?' 'Yes, let's.'
--- Comments ---
Sentence ending particle.
Used either for seeking agreement, or when sharing one's impression with
someone else. (contributor: Amatuka)
Contrary to what big fat header in notes says, there does exist a usage of
ね not at the end of sentence. This is similar to English meaningless
'like', as in:
それで、彼はね、全部納豆がきらいんだよったね。
So, he was all like, 'I hate nattou', right.
Here the first ね serves only the purpose of engaging the listener more,
and just like in English, it can be overused easily. (contributor:
mathrick)
ね is often used with statements about things that are fairly obvious (the
'classic' example is いい天気ですね。 - 'Nice weather, isn't it.').
It can (but doesn't always) have a similar effect on a sentence as 'I see
that...' in English (example from Chrono Trigger, slightly modified to not
be feminine):
やっと起きたんだね。 (yatto okita nda ne.)
I see you're finally up.
And mathrick is absolutely right, though that's arguably a different ね. I
think of it as being something like interrupting yourself to make sure the
other person's paying attention, sort of like interjecting 'okay?' or
'listening?' into the sentence. Maybe it's just me, but overusing this
seems to make you sound girlish. Take this line, for instance (from the
song Dreamer -a innocent magical girl-):
街に出かけたら今日も 声かけられた (machi ni dekaketara
kyou mo koe kakerareta)
でもね実はね私 興味ない (demo ne jitsu wa ne watashi kyoumi
nai.)
I was called out to [probably closer to 'hit on' given the context] again
today when I went out into the city
But, okay?, the truth is, you listening?, I'm not interested.
And just to confuse things more (not really), there's yet another ね.
Stick it at the beginning of a sentence (or even as its own sentence) as
sort of a demand for attention (another example from Chrono Trigger):
ね、いいでしょクロノ？ (ne, ii desho kurono?)
Hey, you don't mind, right, Crono? (contributor: KWhazit)
--- View this entry online ---
http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=ne
文法: Grammar a Day - Level 4 [ 〜の (no) ]
〜の (no) - 's, of
--- Examples ---
フレッド君の車はどこにありますか。
Where is Fred 's car?
フレッド君のですか。
(Is this) Fred 's ?
「これは誰のペン？」「私の。」「koreha dare no
pen?」「watashi no。」
'Whose pen is this?' 'Mine.'
--- Comments ---
Note how the object may be omitted if it is understood from context.
(contributor: Amatuka)
の can be used in other ways which you will come across later in Japanese
study. (contributor: Amatuka)
Also traslates as 'of'.
Tree of the forest/the forest's tree:
mori no ki = mori no ki
(forest of tree) (forest 's tree) (contributor: Ayumi)
'koreha dare no pen' -- probably 'kore WA dare no pen KA'? (contributor:
9000)
It's my understanding that 'ka' is usually left out in casual speech, where
questions can be implied through intonation, but you should always use 'ka'
in writing, of course. (contributor: metaphist)
I think that even in writing you can ommit the か in casual situations,
simply putting the '?' as Miki did. In this context, adding か may change
the nuance, I guess. (contributor: slack.hideo)
I was once told that adding ka at the end like that can make the question
sound sort of interrogative or even threatening in some way.
EX Who is behind this Graffiti？
この落書きは誰の仕業か？ (contributor: kadoka66)
--- View this entry online ---
http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=no
--- Examples ---
フレッド君の車はどこにありますか。
Where is Fred 's car?
フレッド君のですか。
(Is this) Fred 's ?
「これは誰のペン？」「私の。」「koreha dare no
pen?」「watashi no。」
'Whose pen is this?' 'Mine.'
--- Comments ---
Note how the object may be omitted if it is understood from context.
(contributor: Amatuka)
の can be used in other ways which you will come across later in Japanese
study. (contributor: Amatuka)
Also traslates as 'of'.
Tree of the forest/the forest's tree:
mori no ki = mori no ki
(forest of tree) (forest 's tree) (contributor: Ayumi)
'koreha dare no pen' -- probably 'kore WA dare no pen KA'? (contributor:
9000)
It's my understanding that 'ka' is usually left out in casual speech, where
questions can be implied through intonation, but you should always use 'ka'
in writing, of course. (contributor: metaphist)
I think that even in writing you can ommit the か in casual situations,
simply putting the '?' as Miki did. In this context, adding か may change
the nuance, I guess. (contributor: slack.hideo)
I was once told that adding ka at the end like that can make the question
sound sort of interrogative or even threatening in some way.
EX Who is behind this Graffiti？
この落書きは誰の仕業か？ (contributor: kadoka66)
--- View this entry online ---
http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=no
文法: Grammar a Day - Level 4 [ 〜は (ha) ]
〜は (ha) - 'topic marker' (also shown as 'wa')
--- Notes ---
Introducing は 'wa' and です。'desu.'
the particle は marks the topic.
(Remember particles attach to the word which they follow, and that when は
is a particle it is pronounced wa.)
です。functions like 'is' or 'topic is.'
--- Examples ---
田中さんは大学生です。
Mr. Tanaka is a university student.
私はマイケルです。
I am Michael.
林檎は緑です。
The apple is green.
--- Comments ---
See here and here for two very interesting Japanese pages on using ha vs.
ga (contributor: Amatuka)
When to use は vs が?
Both sentences like 雨は降っている。[ame ha
futteiru] and 雨が降っている。 are
valid, so working out when to use which form is a
tricky point.
First: In answering a question such as
Q. 机の上に何がありますか。
A. 鉛筆があります。.
Here が is used. (contributor: Amatuka)
On the other hand if attention has been placed on something in advance and
the question is asked with that object as the topic...
Q. 本はどこにありますか。
A. 本はイスの下にあります。
then は is used. (contributor: Amatuka)
が is also used to indicate a specific choice.
私が行きます。
_I'll_ go. (not any of the other possibilities). (contributor: Amatuka)
は is used for contrastative sentences (see ha-2).
For example normally you'd say
犬が好きです。 I like dogs.
However if you want to contrast how you feel about dogs with how you feel
about other animals then
犬は好きだが、猫はどうも・・・[inu ha suki da ga, neko ha
doumo ...]
I like _dogs_ but I really don't (get on with) cats. (contributor: Amatuka)
は [ha / wa] follows a noun or a noun phrase.
(e.g. 犬は 'as for dogs'
知るのは 'as for what (I) know'
The latter case の nominalizes (turns into a noun) 知る)
N = noun (contributor: Amatuka)
--- View this entry online ---
http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=ha
--- Notes ---
Introducing は 'wa' and です。'desu.'
the particle は marks the topic.
(Remember particles attach to the word which they follow, and that when は
is a particle it is pronounced wa.)
です。functions like 'is' or 'topic is.'
--- Examples ---
田中さんは大学生です。
Mr. Tanaka is a university student.
私はマイケルです。
I am Michael.
林檎は緑です。
The apple is green.
--- Comments ---
See here and here for two very interesting Japanese pages on using ha vs.
ga (contributor: Amatuka)
When to use は vs が?
Both sentences like 雨は降っている。[ame ha
futteiru] and 雨が降っている。 are
valid, so working out when to use which form is a
tricky point.
First: In answering a question such as
Q. 机の上に何がありますか。
A. 鉛筆があります。.
Here が is used. (contributor: Amatuka)
On the other hand if attention has been placed on something in advance and
the question is asked with that object as the topic...
Q. 本はどこにありますか。
A. 本はイスの下にあります。
then は is used. (contributor: Amatuka)
が is also used to indicate a specific choice.
私が行きます。
_I'll_ go. (not any of the other possibilities). (contributor: Amatuka)
は is used for contrastative sentences (see ha-2).
For example normally you'd say
犬が好きです。 I like dogs.
However if you want to contrast how you feel about dogs with how you feel
about other animals then
犬は好きだが、猫はどうも・・・[inu ha suki da ga, neko ha
doumo ...]
I like _dogs_ but I really don't (get on with) cats. (contributor: Amatuka)
は [ha / wa] follows a noun or a noun phrase.
(e.g. 犬は 'as for dogs'
知るのは 'as for what (I) know'
The latter case の nominalizes (turns into a noun) 知る)
N = noun (contributor: Amatuka)
--- View this entry online ---
http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=ha
文法: Grammar a Day - Level 4 [ 〜へ (he) ]
〜へ (he) - indicates direction of verb. Also pronounced 'e'
--- Examples ---
私は来年外国へ行きます
I will go abroad next year.
＜乗客への呼びかけ＞（バスの）中へお詰め願います。
Pass along the bus, please.
1000人もの人がそのパーティーへやってきた。
No less than 1,000 people came to the party.
７月のある日、私たちは海へ行った。
One day in July we went to the sea.
--- Comments ---
also used as a shortcut in email as in
DCへ
->this part is to DC:
(contributor: dc)
? it would be nice to get an explanation of difference between ni and he.
ロンドンに行く＝ロンドンへ行く
ロンドンでお会いしましょう？ (contributor: dc)
'In motion constructions -ni and -e appear to have the same distribution .
The primary difference in distribution is that -ni may occur in other
verbal contexts, as I show below, but -e may not, while -e may appear
marking arguments in nominal constructions but -ni may not, ' (contributor:
Amatuka)
In theory へ is for movement in a direction, while に implies arrival at
a specific destination.
. In practise there is very little difference. (contributor: Amatuka)
N = noun (contributor: Amatuka)
Note: Apart from the
DCへ
letter / email addressing type usage you can't use へ to indicate going to
a person.
e.g. (BAD) DCへ行きました。 I went to DC.
(GOOD) DCの家へ行きました。 I went to DC's house. (contributor:
Amatuka)
I'd get rid of the above 'bad' example, because DC is also a place
(Washington DC), in which case you CAN say 'DCへ行きました。' Put
some other person's name in that to make your point, and then please delete
this comment :) (contributor: Anon)
--- View this entry online ---
http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=he
--- Examples ---
私は来年外国へ行きます
I will go abroad next year.
＜乗客への呼びかけ＞（バスの）中へお詰め願います。
Pass along the bus, please.
1000人もの人がそのパーティーへやってきた。
No less than 1,000 people came to the party.
７月のある日、私たちは海へ行った。
One day in July we went to the sea.
--- Comments ---
also used as a shortcut in email as in
DCへ
->this part is to DC:
(contributor: dc)
? it would be nice to get an explanation of difference between ni and he.
ロンドンに行く＝ロンドンへ行く
ロンドンでお会いしましょう？ (contributor: dc)
'In motion constructions -ni and -e appear to have the same distribution .
The primary difference in distribution is that -ni may occur in other
verbal contexts, as I show below, but -e may not, while -e may appear
marking arguments in nominal constructions but -ni may not, ' (contributor:
Amatuka)
In theory へ is for movement in a direction, while に implies arrival at
a specific destination.
. In practise there is very little difference. (contributor: Amatuka)
N = noun (contributor: Amatuka)
Note: Apart from the
DCへ
letter / email addressing type usage you can't use へ to indicate going to
a person.
e.g. (BAD) DCへ行きました。 I went to DC.
(GOOD) DCの家へ行きました。 I went to DC's house. (contributor:
Amatuka)
I'd get rid of the above 'bad' example, because DC is also a place
(Washington DC), in which case you CAN say 'DCへ行きました。' Put
some other person's name in that to make your point, and then please delete
this comment :) (contributor: Anon)
--- View this entry online ---
http://www.jgram.org/pages/viewOne.php?tagE=he
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)